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Complexity of Problems of Commutative Grammars

Eryk Kopczynski.

We consider commutative regular and context-free grammars, or, in other words, Parikh images of regular and context-free languages. By using linear algebra and a branching analog of the classic Euler theorem, we show that, under an assumption that the terminal alphabet is fixed, the membership&nbsp;[&hellip;]

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Bounded degree and planar spectra

Anuj Dawar ; Eryk Kopczyński.

The finite spectrum of a first-order sentence is the set of positive integers that are the sizes of its models. The class of finite spectra is known to be the same as the complexity class NE. We consider the spectra obtained by limiting models to be either planar (in the graph-theoretic sense) or by&nbsp;[&hellip;]

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