Anupam Das ; Avgerinos Delkos - Prover-Adversary games for systems over (non-deterministic) branching programs

lmcs:16432 - Logical Methods in Computer Science, May 20, 2026, Volume 22, Issue 2 - https://doi.org/10.46298/lmcs-22(2:18)2026
Prover-Adversary games for systems over (non-deterministic) branching programsArticle

Authors: Anupam Das ; Avgerinos Delkos

We introduce Pudlak-Buss style Prover-Adversary games to characterise proof systems reasoning over deterministic branching programs (BPs) and non-deterministic branching programs (NBPs). Our starting points are the proof systems eLDT and eLNDT, for BPs and NBPs respectively, previously introduced by Buss, Das and Knop. We prove polynomial equivalences between these proof systems and the corresponding games we introduce. This crucially requires access to a form of negation of branching programs which, for NBPs, requires us to formalise a non-uniform version of the Immerman-Szelepcsenyi theorem that coNL = NL. Thanks to the techniques developed, we further obtain a proof complexity theoretic version of Immerman-Szelepcsenyi, showing that eLNDT is polynomially equivalent to systems over boundedly alternating branching programs.


Volume: Volume 22, Issue 2
Published on: May 20, 2026
Accepted on: March 1, 2026
Submitted on: August 29, 2025
Keywords: Computational Complexity, Logic in Computer Science, Logic